I hate changing the subjecty in the middle of a sequence like the one about lying signs and wonders, but since Google messed up my blog I no longer have access to my other blogs in ofrder to keep things from iterfering from one another. aND i JUST HAVE TO WRITE ABOUT THIS.
tHIS IS A RESPONSE TO THE LATEST lET'S tALK cREATION EPISODE IN WHICH gARNER AND wOOD ANWER READER'S OR i SHOULD SAY LISTENERS' QUESTIONS, AND wOOD ANSWERS A QUETSION ABOUT HOW THE PEOPLEL ON nOAH'S ARK DIVERSIFIED INTO THE VARIOUS RACES AFTER THE fLOOD. hE SAYS THEY REALLY DON'T KNOW, AND CLAIMS THERE REALL Y really isn't such a thing as race anyway, which drives me razy.
Race is just one of the terms for a variation in a species that forms a population unto itself. You can also call it a population as many do, or a variation or some such. The problem is just that it's become a politically charged confusion that causes all sorts of mental gyrations in the attempt to avoid the hot button.
Call it a population if you prever, all it menasa is that some bportio of a gene pool gets isolated from the main population or other populations of the same species and interbreeds within its own group until a general change occurs in its appearance that sets it apart from the other populations of the same species. That's all it is and it follows ordinary porinciplesa of genetic variation. Ten lizards were set loose on an isoland with no other lizards and over thirty years they developed a different appearance as a whole populatioin from the populatio on the mainland from which they were origianlly taken. That's the principle in action. How do you get Chinese people who look different from Tibetan people who look different from Indian people who look different from Arab people who look different from European pewople etc etc etc. Same pirinciple.
ddAs for the people on the ark you just have to assume that each of tof the wibves of the three sons of Noah carried a genome that had all the variety in it to make a new population after the people had exanded into new populations from the ark. Noah himself may have had sufficient variation in his genome for that matter. So would his sons then. It's a simplew principle. I'll come back and spell out my understanding of it later.
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I forget that ost of this comes from my own thinking and I shouldn't expect people to just know it as I seem to do above, although to me by now it's so obvious I don't get why everybody doesn't know it. I keep having to try to persuade gthem and I get the impression nobody is nlistening or cares. Todd Wood is not somebody I would expect to be interesed in anything I have to say, I take him to be the sort of person who wants to see us amaateurs firmly planted at the feet of the masters, tht is those with the higher degrees who supposedly know a lot more than we do although like him they often say they don't know much about a particular subject, even a subject aaaaaI think I do know a lot about. Oh woe is me for thinking such a thing.
Over the last couple of decades I've made it abundantly clear to myself if to nobody else that variation is built into the genome and all it takes is the isolation of a small number of individuals in sexually reproducing animals to produce a new subspecies. I came to doubt that natural selection has much to do with it, if anything; oh maybe once in a while but not often. What ost often happens is simple frandom "selection" of a small portion of a population that gets reproductively isolated from the other members of the population , reporudicng only within the new opopulation over a number of generations and that will give the new population an appearance different from all the others in that species. That's all it takes.
Genetically what is happening is that the new group of individuals share among themselves a set of genenes that occurs in different proportions as compared to the original population, a new set of gene frequencies. Where some alleles, or versions of a gene, abounded in the original population, they may be very limited in this new population so that the trait associated with the other allele will come to cominate the new phenotype. Since every genene in the genome may be different in its percentatge of a particular allele in the new population all the traits may vary wuquite a bit over the generations. The smaller the number of individuals at the start of the new population the more dramatic will be the changes. Founder effect where a very few individuals breed together to make a new population may have the most dramatic effect.
Founder effect is who breeds were often created in the past, until they realized that too many genetic diseases resulted from the limited genetic ix. But it can be said that a pure bred animal is one that has the most fixed loci or homozygouds genes for its salient traits. The problem is the same can gbe said for many endangered species. Honozyosity is he condition in which only one of the two salleles per gene is expressed and if this occurs in every individuals in the population that's a fixed gene that can't vary at all unless there is still the possibility of breeding with other populations.
Anyway this is what I think is obvious and that others ought to recognize as obivious. repoructive isolation of a relatively small number of individuals, which will have their own set of gene frequenceies among them, is all it takes to create a new population,, or breed, or race or subspecies.
As for skin color, which was the specific question Toodd Wood was answering, That subject came up in a book by Morris and Parker called Creation Science many years ago and gthere was a punnet square in that book illustrating how the genetic code for skin color could be held by Aman and eve .... rewrite. ... The book illustrated that just two genes for skin color possessed buy dam and Eve is all it would take to produce the entire range of skin colors in all the poepole that descended from them. Just two genes.
I actually found this demonstrated on the interenet. If you ut in the words, punnet squeare, Adam and Ev, skin color, i the search line at You tube you should get a video that demonstrates what I'm talking about here. The narrative describes the genes as if they are igdentical but I would think there much be some differences in order to get the entire range of skin colors. Anyuway he seems to be saying that both genes have an allele for the production of a lot of melanin and an allele for the production of a small amount, and when you look at them arraanged on a punnet square with sixteen possible combinations you can see that there is a huge range of skin colors that would emerge from just those two genes.
I remember that one of the gueses on Let's Talk Creation way back there somewhere said she thinks the effect of simple geographic isolation is underappereciated as a cause of diversification, so I gather that it isn't recognized uch. Todd Wood had a mutation as his main explanation for the variations in skin color and I just can't figure out how that would work. I tend to view mutations as nothing but mistakes that are teht result of the Fall or curse and contribute snothing of any real benefit to the carrier but ultimately only a huge collection of genetic diseases. Geographic isolation of a set of gene frequencies that favor a particular skin color is really all it takes to get all the skin colors on the planet.
I mentioned the lizard example above. That's the pod mrcaru liszards, Pod Mrcaru being the name of the island they were released on I think, five pairs of lizards left on this island and not reinvestigated until thirty years later which it was found thta they had become a large popuolatio of lizards with very strong jaws, larger heads and toughter guts than the original opopulation on the mainland where they ahad originated. The usual thinking is that they must have evolved those characteristics in order to eat the toughter food on the island, which is in fact what they were eating. But tyhjere is no idea that the usual food they'd had on the mainland was missing, just that they had developed the ability to eat the touhter food and that's what they gravitated to. That's how I explain it. Evolution has nothing to do with any of this stuff. The genetics is what determines the adaptation, not the other way aroundm, meaing it's not the environment that causes the genetic changes as in the usual idea of natural selection. In fact what a costly way to get a new speicews if you think about it. No, the simplesexual recombination of a new set of gene frequencies produced the larger head, stronger jaw and toughter gut and with those new capabilities the lizards took to the toughter food.
That's how I explain tDarwi's finches too. They didn't evolve in order to eat insects or berries or nuts, they got isolated into separate smaller populations hich over time by combing their own set of gene frequencies developed a particuolar kind of beak that wsa suited to a particular kind of food and they cgravitated to that food as a result. Genes firsyt.
Onm the ark here were three reproducing couples who repopulated the earth after the Flood. There must have been enough heterozygosity in their melanin genes to ctreayee all the known skin colors as the poiulations gree and split up and pspread around the planet.
suppose Todd Wood is erolling his eyes or sneering at me. Oh well.
fa ofen leave out soejme very important poit so I'm wrackig my brain to try to remember whatever it might be this time. NOthing scoming to mind. Oh well.
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later. Another example I like for this topic is ring species. I think they too have an explanation in conventional biology that hits me as strange although I don't even remember what it is at the moment. To my mind they are easily understood in the terms I'm laying out above, as what happens when a posrtion of a populatio migrates to a new location and reproduces in isolation over a number of generations. This is how a new phenotypce or population of the species with a new appearance occurs. From this new population another portion migrates away to a firther new location and the same thing happens so that this third populatio also developes its own peculiare characteristics that differentiate it from the first two populations. And so on from this population to the next and the next, each new poulation developing distincitve characteristics that differ from the other populations. All this seems to me to be just the normal predictable effect of the way the genetic system is constructed, with two alleles for each variable gene. Not all genes are variable fbut those that are are variable because of their having two different versions from which one from each parent is selected during the meiosis phase of sexula ecombination to create a new individual. All that has to happen to make a new population is that you get a different mix of these genetic versions of each gene when the number of reproducing individuals changes and reprudiction is isolated from genetic input from any other source than the new popualtion. In life this is often not perfect, there are hybrid zones, gene flow beteweeen populations and so on, but I'm just making the general point, it is the reporductive isolation of a new set of gene frequencies that creates a new breed or race or subspecies or population etc.
In an evolving lineage, such as a breed that becomes pure bred, you can see that there is an end pointbeyond which further change is sharply reduced or even impossible due to the proliferation of fixed genes in the breed or race or poulation. I've used this fact as evidence that evolutio has a natural ending point, that change itself leads to a point where there is no more change possible just in the nature of the way the genetic code is constructed. You get a lot of homozygotic traits and as loong as reporduction remains confined to this population reproduction brings out the pure breee without new variations.
It always hits me as odd or even funny that this is the point at which conventional science has decided speciation occurs, because it is often the point at which rbreeding with former opulations has become impossible. That'ssupposed to be the defining point where speciation begins, as if you could get new species at the very point where change has become impossible. Funny, huhh?
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